Dietary vitamin A intakes of preschool-age children in South India

The vitamin A intake of children aged 1-3 y (n = 683) was assessed using a quantitative food-frequency questionnaire in a vitamin A intervention study in South India. Trained field workers interviewed mothers about their children's usual consumption of common sources of Vitamin A and collected information on portion sizes using standard cups, Mothers were asked to state the number of months in a year during which specific seasonal foods were available. Information about current breast-feeding was also obtained. Vitamin A intakes from nonbreast milk sources were extremely low at all ages. The median intake of total vitamin A, beta-carotene and retinol was 121, 100 and 21 retinol equivalents (RE), respectively. Maternal education and socioeconomic status (SES) were positively associated with total vitamin A and retinol intakes, Girls had significantly lower intakes than boys even after adjusting for differences in age, maternal education, SES and breast-feeding status. Breast-feeding was common, but declined to 60% by 24 mo and to 15% by 36 mo. Vitamin A intakes from nonbreast milk sources increased with age only for currently breast-fed children, who tended to be of lower SES. After taking into account the potential contribution of breast milk by using published estimates, nonbreast-fed children met only 60% of the Indian recommended dietary allowance (RDA; 250 RE/d), whereas breast-fed children met similar to 90% of the RDA during y 2 of life.