Occurrence and load of selected herbicides and metabolites in the lower Mississippi River

被引:56
作者
Clark, GM
Goolsby, DA
机构
[1] US Geol Survey, Boise, ID 83702 USA
[2] US Geol Survey, Denver, CO 80225 USA
关键词
herbicides; herbicide metabolites; triazines; chloroacetanilides; Mississippi River Basin;
D O I
10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00534-3
中图分类号
X [环境科学、安全科学];
学科分类号
08 ; 0830 ;
摘要
Analyses of water samples collected from the Mississippi River at Baton Rouge, Louisiana, during 1991-1997 indicate that hundreds of metric tons of herbicides and herbicide metabolites are being discharged annually to the Gulf of Mexico. Atrazine, metolachlor, and the ethane-sulfonic acid metabolite of alachlor (alachlor ESA) were the most frequently detected herbicides and, in general, were present in the largest concentrations. Almost 80% of the annual herbicide load to the Gulf of Mexico occurred during the growing season from May to August. The concentrations and loads of alachlor in the Mississippi River decreased dramatically after 1993 in response to decreased use in the basin. In contrast, the concentrations and loads of acetochlor increased after 1994, reflecting its role as a replacement for alachlor. The peak annual herbicide load occurred in 1993, when approximately 640 metric tons (t) of atrazine, 320 t of cyanazine, 215 t of metolachlor, 53 t of simazine, and 50 t of alachlor were discharged to the Gulf of Mexico. The annual loads of atrazine and cyanazine were generally 1-2% of the amount annually applied in the Mississippi River drainage basin; the annual loads of acetochlor, alachlor, and metolachlor were generally less than 1%. Despite a reduction in atrazine use, historical data do not indicate a long-term downward trend in the atrazine load to the Gulf of Mexico. Although a relation (r(2) = 0.62) exists between the atrazine load and stream discharge during May to August, variations in herbicide use and rainfall patterns within subbasins can have a large effect on herbicide loads in the Mississippi River Basin and probably explain a large part of the annual variation in atrazine load to the Gulf of Mexico. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
引用
收藏
页码:101 / 113
页数:13
相关论文
共 28 条
[1]   DETERMINATION OF ALACHLOR AND ITS SULFONIC-ACID METABOLITE IN WATER BY SOLID-PHASE EXTRACTION AND ENZYME-LINKED-IMMUNOSORBENT-ASSAY [J].
AGA, DS ;
THURMAN, EM ;
POMES, ML .
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, 1994, 66 (09) :1495-1499
[2]  
ASPELIN AL, 1992, PESTICIDE IND SALES, P37
[3]   IMMUNOASSAY SCREENS FOR ALACHLOR IN RURAL WELLS - FALSE POSITIVES AND AN ALACHLOR SOIL METABOLITE [J].
BAKER, DB ;
BUSHWAY, RJ ;
ADAMS, SA ;
MACOMBER, C .
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, 1993, 27 (03) :562-564
[4]   Regression models of herbicide concentrations in outflow from reservoirs in the midwestern USA, 1992-1993 [J].
Battaglin, WA ;
Goolsby, DA .
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN WATER RESOURCES ASSOCIATION, 1998, 34 (06) :1369-1390
[5]   ANALYSIS AND DETECTION OF THE NEW CORN HERBICIDE ACETOCHLOR IN RIVER WATER AND RAIN [J].
CAPEL, PD ;
MA, L ;
SCHROYER, BR ;
LARSON, SJ ;
GILCHRIST, TA .
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, 1995, 29 (06) :1702-1705
[6]  
*CIB GEIG CORP, 1992, 692 CIB GEIG CORP EN, P69
[7]  
GIANESSI LP, 1992, US PESTICIDE USE TRE, P22
[8]  
GIANESSI LP, 1991, HERBICIDE USE US NAT, P128
[9]  
Goolsby D.A., 1995, AGROCHEMICAL ENV FAT, P159
[10]  
GOOLSBY DA, 1993, SELECTED PAPERS AGR, P1