Revisiting the James versus Cannon debate on emotion:: startle and autonomic modulation in patients with spinal cord injuries

James' hypothesis that impaired peripheral physiology in patients with spinal cord injuries (SCI) impairs emotional processing, as manifested in the modulation of physiological responses and in the subjective component of emotions, was examined in the present study. A pilot study confirmed the utility of Lang's picture viewing paradigm in a group of 78 students using the Spanish norms of the International Affective Picture System. In the main study, 19 patients with SCI and 19 well controls matched for sex, age and education were examined. Results showed: (1) no differences between SCI and control participants in the valence and arousal ratings of the pictures; (2) similar heart rate modulation in both groups, i.e. the unpleasant pictures produced greater deceleration than the pleasant ones; and (3) no decrease in emotional experience in the SCI group compared with the control group. The implications of the results for the James versus Cannon controversy on the theory of emotions are discussed. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.