The personal dimensions of difference scale: Measuring multi-group identity with four ethnic groups

The Personal Dimensions of Difference (PDD) is a measure of multi-group identity. It examines seven categories of social group membership on the dimensions of: (1) ascribed group identity, (2), personal empowerment via group membership, and (3) perceived social support for group membership. In study one a principle components factor analysis of the 21 PDD measures was conducted with 1,664 university students, yielding five dimensions of social group identity. Significant between-ethnic/race group differences were found on all five of the factors. In study two a subsample of the larger group was included in a monotrait-heteromenthod examination of the relationship of the PDD factors with subjective well-being, anti-Black racism, and White Racial Identity. MANOVA results yielded a significant relationship for the PDD factors with subjective well-being. For Euro-Whites, the PDD factors were significantly correlated with the White Racial Identity Attitudes and anti-Black racism. Copyright (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.