Effects of preanalytical variables on peptide and protein measurements in human serum and plasma: implications for clinical proteomics

There is a wealth of knowledge in the field of in vitro diagnostics with regard to preanalytical variables and their impact on the determination of peptide and protein analytes in human serum and plasma. This information is applicable to clinical proteomics investigations, which utilize the same sample types. Studies have demonstrated that the majority of variations and errors in in vitro diagnostics seem to occur in the preanalytical phase prior to specimen analysis. Preanalytical processes include study design, compliance of the subjects investigated, compliance of the technical staff in adherence to protocols, choice of specimens utilized and sample collection and processing. These variables can have a dramatic impact on the determination of analytes and can affect result outcomes, reproducibility and the validity of investigations. By drawing analogies to in vitro diagnostics practices, specific variables that are likely to impact the results of proteomics studies can be identified. Recognition of such variables is the first step towards their understanding and, eventually, controlling their impact. In this article, we will review preanalytical variables, provide examples for their effects on the determination of distinct peptides and proteins and discuss potential implications for clinical proteomics investigations.