Diagnosis and management of adrenal incidentalomas

Purpose: The incidental discovery of adrenal masses has become a common clinical problem. We address current trends in clinical, endocrine, radiological and scintigraphic evaluation, and strategies for management of adrenal masses. A diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm is suggested. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive review of the literature was performed using MEDLINE, bibliographies of select articles, current issues of peer reviewed general medicine, endocrinology, diagnostic imaging and surgical journals, and meeting abstracts of recent; international congresses. Results: Most adrenal incidentalomas are benign and nonhypersecreting but all should be evaluated to exclude from diagnosis hypersecretory syndromes or malignancy. In all cases hormonal screening for pheochromocytoma, hyperaldosteronism and subclinical hypercortisolism should be performed. Attenuation values on computerized tomography, chemical shift magnetic resonance imaging and scintigraphy reveal the nature of the mass in most; cases. Fine needle aspiration biopsy should be reserved for cases suspected of extra-adrenal malignancy. Conclusions: A multidisciplinary approach, including hormonal screening, radiological evaluation and scintigraphy, is required to identify and remove adrenal masses with endocrine and oncological morbidity. Long-term morphofunctional followup is suggested for nonoperated cases.