Inactivation of MS-2 phage and poliovirus in groundwater

Since temperature affects the inactivation rate of viruses in natural water systems, the aim of this study was to determine if a temperature shift could influence the structural integrity of model viruses. When crude lysates of MS-2 phage were seeded into groundwater microcosms and incubated at 27%C, complete virus inactivation took place in eight days. The temperature was then shifted to 4%C. Three days after the temperature shift, a two-log increase in virus titer (reactivation) occurred. However, when purified MS-2 lysates were added to groundwater microcosms, no reactivation was obtained. No reactivation of poliovirus took place when similar microcosm experiments were done. The sedimentation coefficients of MS-2 shifted from 80S to 58S, 48S, 37S, 32S, and 18S as inactivation proceeded in groundwater and distilled water controls. Similarly, the sedimentation coefficients of polioviruses changed from 156S to 142S, 135S, 117S, 105S, 95S, and 80 S as inactivation took place. There was no correlation between % virus inactivation and % decrease in virions with intact sedimentation coefficients, as reported earlier for poliovirus inactivated by chlorine. The results presented support our hypothesis that virus inactivation proceeds gradually, involving the rearrangement and (or) loss of capsomere components that may eventually lead to the ejection of nucleic acids. The intermediate particles generated as inactivation proceeds may be in a reversibly inactivated state, and may revert back to a fully infectious state when chemical components stabilize the virus particle.