Applicability of interfacial theories of surface tension to water-repellent soils

Most methods used to characterize the magnitude of soil water repellency consist of direct or indirect measurements of the initial advancing contact angle (theta) at the solid-liquid-vapor interface. Aqueous ethanol solutions (AETS) are commonly used as testing liquids having different liquid-vapor surface tensions (gamma(LV)); however, theta measurements using AETS have rarely been performed on water-repellent soils (WRS). Measurements of theta in this study were conducted using both the Wilhelmy plate method (WPM) and the CRM (weight-gain capillary rise method) for three natural and four hydrophobized WRS (water-repellent soils). The values of the Young equation (solid-vapor and solid-liquid surface tension) were calculated, and correlated with the Goods-Girifalco interaction parameter, Phi. The factor Phi was found to be a linear function of the solid-liquid surface tension: (Phi = 1 - 0-011 gamma(SL), with no significant differences between soils. This relation was then used to formulate an ESIT (empirical equation of state of interfacial tension), suggesting that from one universal constant, theta can be predicted as function of gamma(SV)., The applicability of the ESIT approach to WRS was found to be inferior, in contrast to its successful use for ideal solid polymers. Nevertheless, it was found that for a water-WRS system, Phi was similar to 0.6 rather than 1.0 as previously assumed. Applying Phi = 0.6 was successfully used in predicting gamma(ST) as well as the hydrophilic domain of theta vs. gamma(LV) for water and AETS.