Structural factors of rotenone required for inhibition of various NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductases

We performed a structure-activity study of a series of synthetic rotenone analogues to elucidate the structural factors of rotenone required for inhibition and to probe the structural properties of the rotenone binding site of various NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductases (NDH), including both proton-pumping (NDH-1) and non-proton-pumping (NDH-2) enzymes, from bovine heart mitochondria, potato tuber (Solanum tuberosum L.) mitochondria and Escherichia coli (GR 19N) plasma membranes. Using a benzyloxy group as a substitute for the E-ring moiety of natural rotenone, systematically selected structural modifications of the A-ring became feasible. The inhibitory potency of bovine NDH markedly varied depending upon structural modifications of the A-ring. The native chemical structure (2,3-dimethoxy substitution) appeared to be the most favorable for the activity. The spatial location of the hydrogen-bond acceptable methoxy oxygens may be important for tight fitting into the binding site. However, replacing one of the two methoxy groups by an ethoxy group almost completely retained the activity, indicating that the binding environment of the A-ring moiety is spacious enough to accommodate a substituent larger than the methoxy group. The manner of action of the derivative lacking the 12-C = 0 group in the C-ring differed from that of natural rotenone, indicating that this functional group is important for supporting the inhibitory action of natural rotenone itself. Regarding potato tuber and E. coli NDH-1, the sensitivity of the two enzymes to the inhibition by rotenone analogues was much lower than that of the bovine enzyme. The 2,3-dimethoxy substitution was the most favorable for the activity with potato NDH-1, whereas this substitution pattern was not necessarily the best with E. coli NDH-1. A rule governing inhibitory potency depending upon structural modifications was ambiguous for the two enzymes because of a small variation in the inhibitory potencies. These findings indicated that the local binding environment of the A-ring moiety of rotenone in bovine NDH is specific and differs considerably from that in potato and E. coli NDH-1.