Tank-mix compatibility of the entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema carpocapsae, with selected chemical pesticides used in turfgrass

We evaluated the compatibility of two entomopathogenic nematodes, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HP88 and Steinernema carpocapsae All strain with selected pesticide formulations used in turfgrass in tank-mixes under laboratory conditions. The nematodes were exposed to the recommended rates of pesticides applied in either 100, 300, or 500 L/ha tank-mix volumes in 24-well plates at room temperature for 3 h and infective juveniles (IJ) viability determined, and then tested against Galleria mellonella larvae at 22-26degreesC for 96 h to assess IJ pathogenicity. We found that S. carpocapsae viability was not affected by any of the pesticides, while aluminum tris and trichlorfon significantly reduced S. carpocapsae pathogenicity at all concentrations. Thiamethoxam and trichlorfon significantly reduced H. bacteriophora viability, while halofenozide, aluminum tris, trichlorfon, and carbaryl significantly reduced H. bacteriophora pathogenicity. Imidacloprid, at the recommended rate 330-440 g AI/ha, significantly increased H. bacteriophora pathogenicity at 500 and 300 L/ha application volume. The integration of these nematode pesticide combinations in turf pest management programs is discussed.