A target-mediated model to describe the pharmacokinetics and hemodynamic effects of recombinant human vascular endothelial growth factor in humans

Background The Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in Ischemia for Vascular Angiogenesis (VIVA) trial was a double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 11 clinical trial designed to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of combined intracoronary and intravenous infusions of recombinant human vascular endothelial growth factor (rhV-EGF(165)) for therapeutic angiogenesis. This study describes the use of a mechanism-based model to characterize the nonlinear kinetics observed after intravenous administration of rhV-EGF(165). The model predicts that rhV-EGF(165) distribution occurs through both saturable binding to high-affinity receptors and reversible interactions with low-affinity binding sites. Methods: In this trial, rhV-EGF(165) was administered to patients with coronary artery disease at a dose rate of 17 or 50 ng/kg/min by means of intracoronary infusion for 20 minutes, followed by three 4-hour intravenous infusions on days 3, 6, and 9. Pharmacokinetic samples and blood pressure measurements were collected at baseline, during infusion, and for 6 hours after infusion. Results. The plasma clearance, steady-state volume of distribution, and terminal half-life after a 4-hour intravenous infusion of rhV-EGF(165) at the high dose were 19.1 +/- 5.7 mL/min/kg, 960 +/- 260 mL/kg, and 33.7 +/- 13 minutes, respectively. The duration of hypotension that occurred after rhV-EGF(165) administration appeared to be related to the model-predicted V-EGF(165) concentration associated with the high-affinity receptor compartment. Conclusions: This mechanism-based model accurately predicted VEGF concentrations and allowed for the simulation of various rhV-EGF(165) dose regimens that may aid in optimization of drug delivery for future clinical trials.