A new model based on optimal scheduling of combined energy exchange modes for aggregation of electric vehicles in a residential complex

As electric vehicles offer a promising choice to deal with the growing air pollution and the global consumption of fossil fuels in the future smart grids, integrating their full benefit in the power system should be of a high priority. Numerous studies surveyed the possibility of charging/discharging modes of vehicles such as vehicle-to-grid, grid-to vehicle and vehicle-to-building and one introduced a new mode as vehicle-to-vehicle. However, none of them considered all available modes in a study. In the future smart grids, electric vehicles will be integrated with other generation or consumption parts such as distributed energy resources, smart homes and the external grid. As a result, a comprehensive perspective toward the simultaneous scheduling of combined energy exchange modes should be established. In this paper, advantages of 18 energy exchange modes are integrated. The presented model facilitates the participation of sub-aggregators in the aggregation of electric vehicles in a residential complex. The complex consists of a smart building and a smart parking lot. The proposed model promises higher income for sub-aggregators and less energy not charged for vehicles while ensuring the convenience for residents. This will result in more incentive for both sub-aggregators and residents to cooperate. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.