Prevalence of blindness and visual impairment in Pakistan: The Pakistan National Blindness and Visual Impairment Survey

被引:81
作者
Jadoon, Mohammad Z.
Dineen, Brendan
Bourne, Rupert R. A.
Shah, Shaheen P.
Khan, Mohammad A.
Johnson, Gordon J.
Gilbert, Clare E.
Khan, Mohammad D.
机构
[1] Univ London London Sch Hyg & Trop Med, Int Ctr Eye Hlth, Clin Res Unit, Dept Infect & Trop Dis, London WC1E 7HT, England
[2] Kyber Inst Ophthalm Med Sci, Pakistan Inst Community Ophthalmol, Peshawar, Pakistan
关键词
D O I
10.1167/iovs.06-0374
中图分类号
R77 [眼科学];
学科分类号
100212 ;
摘要
PURPOSE. To determine the prevalence of blindness and visual impairment in adults aged 30 years and older in Pakistan and to assess socio-demographic risk factors. METHODS. Multistage, stratified (rural/urban), cluster random sampling, with probability proportional-to-size procedures, was used to select a nationally representative, cross-sectional sample of adults 30 years of age or older. Each subject was interviewed; had visual acuity measured (logMAR; logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution); and underwent autorefraction, biometry, and fundus-optic disc examination. Those with less than 6/12 acuity in either eye underwent a detailed ophthalmic examination, including corrected distance visual acuity measurement and dilated ophthalmoscopy. RESULTS. A nationally representative sample of 16,507 adults (95.5% of those enumerated) was examined. The age- and gender-standardized prevalence of blindness was 2.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.4% - 2.9%). It has been estimated that there are 1,140,000 (962,000 - 1,330,000) blind adults in Pakistan (2003 statistics). Blindness prevalence varied throughout the country, being highest in the provinces of Punjab and Baluchistan and lowest in the North West Frontier Province. Rural areas had a higher prevalence of blindness than did urban areas (3.8% vs. 2.5%, P < 0.001). Increasing age and being female were significantly associated with presenting visual acuity of < 6/60 (odds ratio [OR], 2.5; 95% CI, 2.3 - 2.7 and 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1 - 1.5, respectively). Educational status was also associated with presenting visual acuity of < 6/60. Subjects who had attended primary school were 60% (P < 0.001) less likely to have acuity of < 6/60 than were subjects who had never been to school. CONCLUSIONS. This comprehensive survey provides reliable estimates of the prevalence of visual impairment and blindness in Pakistan. A significant excess of visual impairment was found among the elderly and the uneducated. After adjustment for age differences, women were found to have a significant excess of severe visual impairment and blindness. Regional variations in the prevalence of blindness were also identified.
引用
收藏
页码:4749 / 4755
页数:7
相关论文
共 24 条
[1]  
Abou-Gareeb I, 2001, Ophthalmic Epidemiol, V8, P39, DOI 10.1076/opep.8.1.39.1540
[2]   Prevalence and causes of blindness and low vision in a rural setting in Pakistan [J].
Ahmad, K ;
Khan, MD ;
Qureshi, MB ;
Munami, S ;
Shah, RA ;
Rasheed, H ;
Baluch, A ;
Khan, MA .
OPHTHALMIC EPIDEMIOLOGY, 2005, 12 (01) :19-23
[3]   The Pakistan National Blindness and Visual Impairment Survey - Research design, eye examination methodology and results of the pilot study [J].
Bourne, R ;
Dineen, B ;
Jadoon, Z ;
Lee, PS ;
Khan, A ;
Johnson, GJ ;
Foster, A ;
Khan, D .
OPHTHALMIC EPIDEMIOLOGY, 2005, 12 (05) :321-333
[4]   Evaluating a new logMAR chart designed to improve visual acuity assessment in population-based surveys [J].
Bourne, RRA ;
Rosser, DA ;
Sukudom, P ;
Dineen, B ;
Laidlaw, DAH ;
Johnson, GJ ;
Murdoch, IE .
EYE, 2003, 17 (06) :754-758
[5]  
BRILLIANT LB, 1985, B WORLD HEALTH ORGAN, V63, P375
[6]  
Dandona L, 2001, INVEST OPHTH VIS SCI, V42, P908
[7]   Prevalence and causes of blindness and visual impairment in Bangladeshi adults: results of the National Blindness and Low Vision Survey of Bangladesh [J].
Dineen, BP ;
Bourne, RRA ;
Ali, SM ;
Huq, DMN ;
Johnson, GJ .
BRITISH JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY, 2003, 87 (07) :820-828
[8]  
*FED BUR STAT, PAK DEM SURV
[9]   The impact of Vision 2020 on global blindness [J].
Foster, A ;
Resnikoff, S .
EYE, 2005, 19 (10) :1133-1135
[10]  
*GOV PAK MIN EC AF, 1998, POP CENS ORG