Building intelligent alarm systems by combining mathematical models and inductive machine learning techniques

In this article a technique is described to develop knowledge-based alarm systems for ventilator therapy, using mathematical modeling and machine learning. With a mathematical model airway pressure, expiratory gas flow and CO2 concentration at the endotracheal tube are simulated for patients, undergoing volume-controlled ventilation with constant ventilator settings, during normal functioning of the breathing circuit and during breathing circuit mishaps (leaks and obstructions). Simulations were performed for 94 physiologically different 'patients', by varying airway resistance and lung/thorax compliance values in the model. Each simulated breath was described by a set of derived signal features and a label that constituted during which event (normal function or mishap) the breath was recorded. With an inductive machine learning algorithm rules, linking signal feature values to breathing circuit events, were created from data of 54 of the simulated patients. The resulting set of rules was able to classify 99% of events in the data of the remaining 40 patients correctly. Of signals, measured at a ventilated lung simulator, 100% of events were classified correctly.