Smoking and reproduction: gene damage to human gametes and embryos

被引:274
作者
Zenzes, MT [1 ]
机构
[1] Univ Toronto, Dept Obstet & Gynecol, Div Reprod Sci, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
基金
英国医学研究理事会;
关键词
adducts; embryos; oocytes; smoking; spermatozoa;
D O I
10.1093/humupd/6.2.122
中图分类号
R71 [妇产科学];
学科分类号
100211 ;
摘要
Assisted conception is a useful methodology for detecting disturbances in clinical outcome, meiotic maturation, and genetic integrity of human gametes, Germinal cells are vulnerable to genetic damage from smoking, but can repair damage during meiosis, In ejaculated spermatozoa, repair capacity declines drastically. Smoking alters the meiotic spindle of oocytes and spermatozoa, leading to chromosome errors which affect reproductive outcomes. Smoking is associated with reduced numbers of retrieved oocytes, leading to early age of menopause. Oocyte elimination occurs preferentially during meiosis I, a period sensitive to genetic damage. Smoking inhibits embryo fragmentation; inhibition may confer survival advantage to embryos genetically altered. Smoking is associated with low sperm quality, but clinical effects are not recognized. Cadmium (a heavy metal), nicotine (a toxic alkaloid), and its metabolite cotinine, are detectable in gonadal tissues and fluids in association with smoking. Cotinine incorporates into ovarian granulosa-lutein cells, compromising the developmental potential of follicles. Benzo[a]pyrene a carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon resulting from cigarette combustion. Its reactive metabolite binds covalently to DNA, forming adducts. Smoking-related adducts were detectable in ovarian granulosa-lutein cells, oocytes, spermatozoa and preimplantation embryos. Transmission of altered DNA from smoking by spermatozoa was demonstrated in preimplantation embryos and in association with increased risk of childhood cancer.
引用
收藏
页码:122 / 131
页数:10
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