Pollutant emissions from residential combustion and reduction strategies estimated via a village-based emission inventory in Beijing

Accurate estimation of pollutant emissions from household solid fuel combustion has been a challenging issue in developing regions, especially in the heavily polluted northern China region. Basing on a survey of residential household energy use in all villages in Beijing, this study developed a village-based emission inventory of PM2,5, SO2, NOx, and NMVOCs emitted from household combustion in Beijing, as well as three emission control scenarios. Notably, 3805 kt and 556 kt of coal were used for household heating and cooking in 2015, respectively. The emissions of NOx, NMVOCs, SO2, and PM(2,5)forhousehold heating totaled11.51ct, 29.3 kt, 43.1 kt, and 34.7 kt in 2015, respectively, while those for household cooking totaled 1.55 kt, 4.02 kt, 6.55 kt, and 3.99 kt. Emissions from household heating contributed to-70% of PM2.5 and similar to 60% of SO2 emissions in winter. Additionally, downtown Beijing is surrounded by polluted suburbs. A coal forbiddance policy (e.g. "coal to gas") could gradually improve the air quality in urban Beijing. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.