The 'Ice worm' -: the immature stages, phylogeny and biology of the glacier midge Zelandochlus (Diptera: Chironomidae)

The previously unknown female and larva for the New Zealand lacier midge, Zealandochlus latipalpis Brundin are described for the first time, and the pupa described mon fully than previously. Unlike the male, which is brachypterous, the female has large wings possessing traces of a Vein between R-1 and R4+5 uniquely for the subfamily Podonominae. The larvae, known locally as ice-worms, live in meltwater pools and ice caves of the Franz Joseph and Fox glaciers, New Zealand. Cladistic analysis of this highly autapomorphic species results in an unresolved trichotomy Zelandochlus+Parochlus+Podonomus, which is no advance on the suggestion made by Brundin (1966) concerning the relationships. Information is too scanty on many species of the putative related genera, but additional morphological features indicate that there may be a sister group relationship with part of Parochlus.