RoCoF-Constrained Scheduling Incorporating Non-Synchronous Residential Demand Response

Demand response has the potential to provide a multitude of operating reserve categories. However, if integrated at scale, the non-synchronous nature of most demand response sources must be recognized within the operational rules of low inertia power systems. Here, a candidate non-synchronous reserve resource is considered within the scheduling and frequency stability time frames. It is shown that a detrimental impact on the post-contingency rate of change of frequency (RoCoF) can arise-potentially requiring the development of system operator policies to ensure that security standards are not compromised-as the volume of reserve available from non-synchronous resources increases. A commitment-and-dispatch RoCoF constraint within scheduling procedures is proposed, which is independently verified using time domain simulations.