Surface modification of wood fibers using the polyelectrolyte multilayer technique:: Effects on fiber joint and paper strength properties

Polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) were used to modify wood fibers by means of the polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) technique. Hand sheets and fiber crosses were prepared from the PEM-treated fibers. The sheet strength and fiber-fiber joint strength were evaluated, and the contact zone of the fiber-fiber joint was characterized using a recently developed staining technique. The nonjoined surface area of the paper sheets was estimated by determining nitrogen adsorption via BET analysis, and the results were compared with those of the light scattering measurements frequently used to determine the degree of "bonding" in paper. Fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) spectroscopy was used to analyze chemical effects. It was shown that the PEM treatment of fibers increased the strength properties of the sheets through an increase in the number of fiber-fiber joints, increasing the degree of contact in a fiber-fiber joint and creating covalent bonding in the fiber-fiber joint.