How safe is ERCP to the endoscopist?

Background: Interventional techniques in endoscopy such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) have greatly increased since laparoscopic cholecystectomy has become widespread; mainly these techniques deal with common bile duct stones. Fluoroscopy is usually employed, and chronic exposure to X-ray, in spite of the relative low dose, can lead to potentially unhealthy conditions such as malignancies like bone marrow and other solid cancers. A median of Is years of life is lost per fatal cancer, including the time of latency since exposure. Nor should one forget benign condition such as cataracts that can lead to partial or complete blindness and which surely impair life's quality. Methods: Simulated examinations were carried at the University Hospital (Sao Paulo, Brazil) using an anthropomorphic phantom in place of the physician. Four sets of dosimeters were placed in the forehead, neck, torso, and lower abdomen (with and without a lead apron) and standard ERCP fluoroscopic techniques were employed. Results: The dose equivalents were calculated and compared to the recommended exposure doses of national and international boards of radiation protection. Conclusions: Based on the results found and compared to standards, working safely means: (1) A lead (0.5 mm thickness) apron is fundamental. Without it less than one ERCP\month should be performed. (2) With an apron, 23 examinations/month are allowed. (3) No thyroid protection grants only 19 exams/month. (4) Performing ERCP without lead glasses is hazardous to the eye, allowing only seven ERCPs monthly.