Noninvasive De novo Imaging of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Teratoma Formation

Teratoma formation can be a serious drawback after the therapeutic transplantation of human embryonic stem (hES) cells. Therefore, noninvasive imaging of teratomas could be a valuable tool for monitoring patients undergoing hES cell treatment. Here, we investigated the angiogenic process within teratomas derived from hES cells and now report the first example of using Cu-64-labeled RGD tetramer (Cu-64-DOTA-RGD4) for positron emission tomography imaging of teratoma formation by targeting alpha(v)beta(3) integrin. H9 hES cells (2 x 10(6)), stably expressing firefly luciferase, and enhanced green fluorescence protein (Fluc-eGFP) were injected into adult nude mice (n = 12) s.c. Eight weeks after transplantation, these hES cell grafts evolved into teratomas as confirmed by longitudinal bioluminescence imaging. Under micropositron emission tomography imaging, 2-deoxy-2-[F-18]fluoro-D-glucose and 3'-deoxy-3'-[F-18]-fluorothymidine both failed to detect hES cell-derived teratomas (0.8 +/- 0.5 versus 1.1 +/- 0.4 %ID/g, respectively; P = not significant versus background signals). By contrast, 64Cu-DOTA-RGD4 revealed specific and prominent uptake in vascularized teratoma and significantly lower uptake in control tumors (human ovarian carcinoma 2008 cell line), which had low intergrin expression (10.1 +/- 3.4 versus 1.4 +/- 1.2 %ID/g; P < 0.01). Immunofluorescence staining of CD31 and beta 3 integrin also supported our in vivo imaging results (P < 0.05). Moreover, we found that the cells dissociated from teratomas showed higher alpha(v)beta(3) integrin expression than the 2008 cells. In conclusion, by targeting alpha(v)beta(3) integrin, we successfully showed the ability of Cu-64-DOTA-RGD4 to noninvasively visualize teratoma formation in vivo for the first time. [Cancer Res 2009;69(7):2709-13]