Energy flow for integrated apple production in Greece

Integrated production requires constant improvement of methods employed to achieve high fruit quality and yield with minimal inputs. This work was undertaken to evaluate the energy inputs for apple production, to identify the highest energy consuming operations and propose ways to improve them. Integrated production methods were employed during 1999 and 2000 at 26 apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) orchards in Zagora Pelion (Central Greece). The inputs and outputs of major nutrients (only five farms) as well as energy were calculated and mean values are presented. N inputs were five times higher than outputs and reduction in N fertilization can be considered. Total energy inputs were 50.7 GJ ha(-1) and outputs 118.5 GJ ha(-1) (51.6 GJ ha(-1) from fruit). Chemicals (pesticides, fertilizers), use of machinery and fuel were the most important inputs for apple production, while human labor, although intensively used, accounted for small energy inputs due to conversion factor used. Energy outputs could be improved, as the potential for fruit production is higher compared to fruit production of the study years. Energy productivity was calculated (average of the 2 years) as 0.42 kg MJ(-1), energy intensity as 2.50 MJ kg(-1) and energy efficiency (only fruit considered) as 1.0. Thus, energy savings could be obtained without significant yield reduction, mainly through reducing fertilizer inputs (especially N), diminishing pest control applications through proper techniques and improving the farm road network. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.