Nitrogen oxide flux from an agricultural soil during winter fallow in the upper coastal plain of North Carolina, USA

Incorporation of the remaining crop residue, including the root system, of grain (soybean and corn) and fiber (cotton) crops into the soil following harvest is a common agricultural practice. The crop residue represents a substantial portion of nitrogen initially applied as fertilizer, and thus is a potential source of nitrogen for NO emissions during the winter fallow period. Fluxes of NO and NO2 were measured from fallow fields from February 7 to March 23, 1994, using a dynamic chamber technique (ambient air as the carrier gas). Average NO flux rates, as a function of previous crop residue, were 9.2 (range -4.2 to 76) ng-N m(-2) s(-1) for soybean, 6.1 (range -11.7 to 110) ng-N m(-2) s(-1) for cotton, and 4.7 (range -0.2 to 40) ng-N m(-2) s(-1) for corn. Maximum NO fluxes were observed in midmorning when soil temperatures were lowest. Minimum NO flux occurred after mid-afternoon when soil temperature reached a maximum. The decrease in NO flux with increase in soil temperature (5 cm depth) reflected the existence of a NO compensation concentration (i.e., the rate for the NO consumption reactions continued to increase with increase in temperature). NO2 deposition was calculated for 92% of the data points, with no trend in deposition between the three fields and their corresponding crop residue. These results indicate that significant fluxes of NO are generated from fallow agricultural fields following incorporation of the residue from the previous crop.