How to estimate and interpret various effect sizes

The present article presents a tutorial on how to estimate and interpret various effect sizes. The 5th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) described the failure to report effect sizes as a "defect" (p. 5), and 23 journals have published author guidelines requiring effect size reporting. Although dozens of effect size statistics have been available for some time, many researchers were trained at a time when effect sizes were not emphasized, or perhaps even taught. Consequently, some readers may appreciate a review of how to estimate and interpret various effect sizes. In addition to the tutorial, the authors recommend effect size interpretations that emphasize direct and explicit comparisons of effects in a new study with those reported in the prior related literature, with a focus on evaluating result replicability.