The effect of hydrostatic pressure on physical properties and microstructure of spruce and cherry

The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the density, the ultrasonic velocities and the microstructure of spruce and cherry wood has been studied. Generally speaking, under hydrostatic pressure wood becomes less heterogeneous and less anisotropic than natural wood. In spruce, crushing and buckling of the thin-walled cells in the earlywood takes place. This also has the effect of disrupting the medullary rays, which assume a zig-zag path through the structure. Cherry has a much more homogeneous structure, and the main effect of the hydrostatic pressure is compaction of the vessels by buckling of the walls. The fibres are scarcely affected by the treatment. The width of the earlywood zone decreased after the application of pressure by 26 % in spruce, and by 11 % in cherry. The average density was increased by the hydrostatic pressure by 26 % for spruce and by 46 % for cherry. The densitometric profile of spruce demonstrates significant changes following the pressure treatment, with the minimum density D-Min increasing and the maximum density D-Max decreasing. For cherry, the densitometric profile is shifted rather uniformly towards higher densities, and the annual ring profile is spatially slightly compacted but otherwise similar to that of untreated wood. The anisotropy of wood (expressed by the ratio of acoustic invariants) decreased by 56 % for spruce and by 33 % for cherry. The structural damage in spruce is predominantly found in the radial (R) direction, and this corresponds to a reduction of 73 % in the velocity of the longitudinal ultrasonic waves in the radial direction, V-RR. In cherry, the structural damage is mainly in the transverse, T direction. The velocity of the longitudinal ultrasonic waves in the transverse direction, V-TT is reduced by 44 %. The medullary rays in cherry seem to be the most important anatomical feature influencing the propagation of ultrasonic waves.