A new fundamental bioheat equation for muscle tissue .1. Blood perfusion term

A new model for muscle tissue heat transfer has been developed using Myrhage and Eriksson's [23] description of a muscle tissue cylinder surrounding secondary (s) vessels as the basic heat transfer unit. This model provides a rational theory for the venous return temperature for the perfusion source term in a modified Pennes bioheat equation, and greatly simplifies the anatomical description of the microvascular architecture required in the Weinbaum-Jiji bioheat equation. An easy-to-use closed-form analytic expression has been derived for the difference between the inlet artery and venous return temperatures using a model for the countercurrent heat exchange in the individual muscle tissue cylinders. The perfusion source term calculated from this model is found to be similar in form to the Pennes's source term except that there is a correction factor or efficiency multiplying the Pennes term, which rigorously accounts for the thermal equilibration of the returning vein. This coefficient is a function of the vascular cross-sectional geometry of the muscle tissue cylinder, but independent of the Peclet number in contrast to the recent results in Brinck and Werner [8]. The value of this coefficient varies between 0.6 and 0.7 for most muscle tissues. In part II of this study a theory will be presented for determining the local arterial supply temperature at the inlet to the muscle tissue cylinder.