Effects of electroosmosis on natural soil: Field test

A unique configuration of horizontal sheet-like electrodes was used in the field at a site in Ohio that was underlain by silty clay glacial drift to induce electroosmotic flow and to characterize the effects of electroosmosis on soil properties (e.g., electrical conductivity and pH). The lower electrode was created at a depth of 2.2 m by filling a flat-lying hydraulic fracture with granular graphite, and the upper one was a metallic mesh placed at a depth of 0.4 m and covered with sand. The electrodes were attached to a DC power supply, creating an electrical gradient of 20-31 V/m and a current of 42-57 A within approximately 20 m(3) of soil. Total energy applied was 5,500 kW . h during approximate 4 months of operation. Electroosmotic flow rates of 0.6-0.8 L/h were observed during tests lasting several weeks, although total flow rate (electroosmotic plus hydraulic) was strongly influenced by fluctuations of the ground-water table. The ratio of applied current to voltage decreased from 0.9 to 0.6 A/V and was mainly due to a decrease in electrical conductivity of the soil. A low pH front developed at the anode and migrated toward the cathode. The velocity of the pH front per unit voltage gradient was 0.014 (cm/day)/(V/m). This was 40 times slower than what has been reported from laboratory experiments using kaolinite as a medium. These results confirm the feasibility of using horizontal electrodes at shallow depths, but they also underscore some important differences between the geochemical effects observed during field tests in natural soils and those seen in laboratory tests using ideal materials.