Usefulness and complications of computed tomography-guided lipiodol marking for fluoroscopy-assisted thoracoscopic resection of small pulmonary nodules: Experience with 174 nodules

Objective: Several techniques have been reported for the localization of small pulmonary nodules in thoracoscopic resection. In the present study we examined the usefulness and complications of computed tomography-guided lipiodol marking for thoracoscopic resection in our experience of 174 nodules. Methods: Computed tomography-guided lipiodol marking was performed on 174 nodules less than 30 mm in size. Of these nodules, 45 showed ground-glass opacity images and 129 showed solid images on computed tomography. The mean size of the nodules was 10 +/- 6 mm ( range, 2-30 mm), and their mean depth from the pleural surface was 10 +/- 7 mm ( range, 0-30 mm). One to 7 days before thoracoscopy, all of the nodules were marked with 0.4 to 0.5 mL of lipiodol by using computed tomography. The marked nodules were grasped with a ring-shaped forceps during fluoroscopy and resected by means of thoracoscopy. Results: All the nodules could be marked and localized by means of fluoroscopy as a clear spot during thoracoscopic surgery. Complications of the marking were chest pain requiring analgesia in 16 (11%) patients, hemosputum in 11 (6%) patients, pneumothorax in 30 (17%) patients, and hemopneumothorax in 1 (0.6%) patient. Eleven ( 6%) patients with pneumothorax required drainage, and the patient with hemopneumothorax required an emergency operation. No other complications were observed. Conclusion: Lipiodol marking is a useful, safe, and inexpensive procedure for localizing ground-glass opacity lesions, small pulmonary nodules, or both for thoracoscopic resection.