New remote sensing concepts for environmental monitoring

The availability of remote sensing data that are needed for global, regional and local environmental monitoring has greatly increased over the recent years. New technologies such as global positioning system (GPS), digital photogrammetry and multi-source satellite remote sensing are creating data at higher spatial, spectral and temporal resolution than have been collected at any other time on earth. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) technologies allow - for the first time- the efficient storage and management of spatial datasets in digital formats. In combination with the appropriate data transfer and interoperability standards that are currently being developed the technology is being put in place that will eventually allow standardized data exchange, processing and dissemination. Today, a wide variety of remote sensing systems are used to provide information about the earth, its atmosphere, oceans, and land surfaces. Multispectral satellite scanners in the visible and near infrared domains of the electromagnetic spectrum record solar radiation reflected from the earth's surface. Data derived from multispectral scanners provide information on (among other things): vegetation type, distribution and condition; geomorphology; soils; surface waters; and river networks. In addition, active microwave (radar) systems are commonly used in geological, hydrological and oceanographic applications. The advent of very high resolution satellite and space programs offers new possibilities for satellite remote sensing. In addition, digital airborne cameras offer ultra high resolution for very accurate mapping of the environment.