Subjective sleep characteristics of 1,485 males and females aged 50-93: Effects of sex and age, and factors related to self-evaluated quality of sleep

Background. This epidemiologic study cross-sectionally examined the effects of sex and age on subjective characteristics of sleep and the factors related to self-evaluated sleep quality in a Dutch noninstitutionalized elderly population. Methods. 1,692 sleep questionnaires were mailed to all attenders of the general practice serving Krimpen aan de Lek, the Netherlands, aged 50 or over. Both target populations and responders (1,485 subjects) were virtually representative of the Dutch population regarding sex and age (50+) characteristics. Results. Overall, females reported significantly poorer quality of sleep, longer sleep latencies, ore nighttime awakenings, less frequent napping, and more frequent use of sedative-hypnotic drugs when compared to males. Additionally, there was a female predominance in the prevalence of disturbed sleep onset and sleep maintenance, whereas a male predominance was observed in the prevalence of excessive daytime sleepiness. Across subjects, a significant age-related increment was found for sleep latency time and time spent in bed. The number of nighttime awakenings increased significantly with age only in males. No significant correlations were found between health status and sex, age, or subjective sleep quality. The most frequently reported causes of disturbed sleep onset and sleep maintenance were worries and nocturia, respectively. Subjective quality of sleep was mostly associated with self-estimated sleep latency. Conclusions. Our findings extend those of previous epidemiologic studies reporting that sleep disorders are common in the general elderly population. Future studies should further elucidate the nature and extent of geriatric sleep disorders to satisfy the increasing need for its accurate diagnosis and treatment.