Biotransformation of uranium compounds in high ionic strength brine by a halophilic bacterium under denitrifying conditions

We investigated the transformations of uranyl nitrate, uranyl citrate, uranyl ethylenediaminetetraacetate (U-EDTA), and uranyl carbonate by a denitrifying halophilic bacterium, Halomonas sp. (WIPP1A), isolated from the Waste Isolation Pilot Plant (WIPP) repository. The addition of uranyl nitrate, uranyl citrate, or uranyl EDTA to the brine or bacterial growth medium resulted in the precipitation of uranium. Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis of the precipitates formed in the brine and in the growth medium were identified as uranyl hydroxide [UO2-(OH)(2)] and uranyl hydroxophosphato species [K(UO2)(5)(PO4)(3)- (OH)(2). nH(2)O], respectively. Dissolution of the uranium precipitate was concomitant with the growth of the bacteria under anaerobic conditions. The UV-vis spectra of the culture medium during growth showed that a uranyl dicarbonate complex [UO2(CO3)(2)](2-) was formed due to CO2 production from the metabolism of the carbon source succinate. The bacterium completely metabolized the citrate released from the uranyl citrate complex but not the EDTA released from the U-EDTA complex. Adding uranyl carbonate to the growth medium caused no changes in the uranium speciation due to bacterial growth. Uranyl carbonate was not biosorbed by the growing culture nor by washed resting cells suspended in 20% NaCl brine (3.4 M) because the complex was either neutral or anionic. Our results demonstrate that bacterial activity can enhance the dissolution of uranium phosphate by forming uranyl carbonate species.