RETRACTED: Intracellular calcium waves accompany neutrophil polarization, formylmethionylleucylphenylalanine stimulation, and phagocytosis: A high speed microscopy study (Retracted Article)

Using high sensitivity fluorescence imaging with shutter speeds similar to600,000 times faster than those of video frames, we have characterized Ca2+ waves within cells in exquisite detail to reveal Ca2+ signaling routes. Polarized neutrophils exhibited a counterclockwise rotating ryanodine-sensitive juxtamembrane Ca2+ wave during temporal calcium spikes. During stimulation with fMLP, a chemotactic factor, two Ca2+ waves traveling in opposite directions around the perimeter of the cell emanated from sites of stimulation (the clockwise wave is verapamil sensitive). Phagocytosed targets exhibit counterclockwise Ca2+ waves traveling about their periphery originating from the plasma membrane. This study: 1) outlines the technology to observe Ca2+ signaling circuitry within small living cells; 2) shows that extracellular spatial information in the form of a chemotactic factor gradient is transduced into intracellular chemical patterns, which provides fresh insights in signaling; 3) suggests that a line or communication exits between the cell surface and phagosomes, and 4) suggests that spatiotemporal Ca2+ patterns contribute to drug actions.