Current and adolescent levels of cardiopulmonary fitness are related to large artery properties at age 36: the Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study

Background High levels of cardiopulmonary fitness (VO(2)max) are associated with reduced risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, but little is known to what extent this is related to the effects of cardiopulmonary fitness on atherosclerosis and arterial stiffness. Moreover, the time course of these relationships needs to be elucidated. We sought to investigate (i) the cross-sectional relationship between VO(2)max and carotid atherosclerosis and carotid and femoral arterial stiffness at age 36, as well as (ii) the relationship between VO(2)max during adolescence (13-16 years) and the same arterial properties at age 36 (prospective analyses). Design Cross-sectional analyses consisted of 351 subjects (183 women) and the prospective analyses of a subpopulation of 154 subjects (79 girls). Arterial properties were assessed noninvasively by ultrasound imaging; VO(2)max was measured with a maximal running text on a treadmill with direct measurements of oxygen uptake. Results After adjustment for confounding by other known risk factors, current and adolescent levels of VO(2)max were independently associated with carotid intima-media thickness (beta = -0.288, P = 0.004 and beta = -0.381, P = 0.012) in men, and with the diameter of the femoral artery (beta = 0.375, P < 0.001 and β = 0.252, P = 0.026, respectively) in both sexes. Current levels of VO(2)max were positively associated with the compliance of the carotid and the femoral arteries (β = 0.186, P = 0.023 and β = 0.183, P = 0,033, respectively), and with the distensibility of the carotid (β = 0.162, P = 0.047) but not the femoral artery. Conclusion We conclude that cardiopulmonary fitness is associated with large artery properties at age 36, and that the roots of this association may already be present in adolescence.