Emphysema in nonsmokers: Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency and other causes

被引：25

作者：

Lee, P

Gildea, TR

Stoller, JK

机构：

[1] Cleveland Clin Fdn, Dept Pulm & Crit Care Med, Div Med, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA

[2] Cleveland Clin Fdn, Dept Pulm & Crit Care Med, Sect Resp Therapy, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA

来源：

CLEVELAND CLINIC JOURNAL OF MEDICINE | 2002年 / 69卷 / 12期

关键词：

D O I：

10.3949/ccjm.69.12.928

中图分类号：

R5 [内科学];

学科分类号：

1002 ; 100201 ;

摘要：

Nonsmokers with signs of emphysema at an earlier age than is typical for emphysema deserve a workup for one of the less common causes of emphysema, which include alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, connective tissue diseases, hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome, intravenous drug use, human immunodeficiency virus infection, and several rare metabolic disorders.

引用

页码：928 / +

页数：9

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