Multivalent macrocyclic hosts: Histone surface recognition, guest binding, and delivery by cyclophane-based resorcinarene oligomers

[GRAPHIC] As a new class of host for both specific proteins and hydrophobic molecular guests, cyclophane-based resorcinarene oligomers were designed on the basis of a molecular design that allows the assembly of four or 12 anionic resorcinarenes on a cyclophane skeleton. We prepared a cyclophane-based resorcinarene tetramer (4), constructed with a tetraaza[6.1.6.1]-paracyclophane skeleton and four resorcinarenes bearing heptacarboxylic acid residues that connect to the macrocycle through amide linkages. In addition, we prepared an extended analogical dodecamer (12), which was constructed with a pentakis(cyclophane) skeleton and 12 resorcinarenes. The cyclophane-based resorcinarene oligomers exhibited potent recognition capabilities toward histone, a small basic protein of eukaryotic chromatins. The binding constants (K) of cyclophane-based resorcinarene tetramer 4 and dodecamer 12 with histone were determined to be 1.3 x 10(7) and 8.4 x 10(7) M-1, respectively, by means of surface plasmon resonance measurements. The K values of 4 and 12 with histone were 31- and 200-fold larger than that of an untethered reference resorcinarene, reflecting the multivalency effects in resorcinarenes. In addition to that, cyclophane-based resorcinarene tetramer 4 and dodecamer 12 captured hydrophobic guests such as 6-p-toluidinonaphthalene-2-sulfonate, with respective binding constants of 2.4 x 10(3) and 2.5 x 10(4) M-1 in an aqueous HEPES buffer as evaluated by fluorescence spectroscopy. Furthermore, the resorcinarene oligomers were also found to act as guest carriers from the bulk aqueous phase to histone surfaces, as confirmed by fluorescence spectroscopy.