An investigation of the mechanisms of ultrasonically enhanced desorption

In this work, the mechanisms underlying ultrasonic desorption of 4-chlorophenol from granular activated carbon have been explored. Desorption experiments are investigated in the absence and presence of 516 kHz ultrasound of different intensities. Using three regenerating solutions and two temperatures, it has been shown that ultrasonic irradiation considerably improves both the amount and the rate of desorption. Desorption increases with increasing temperature and ultrasound intensity. The addition of sodium hydroxide or a mixture of sodium hydroxide and ethanol to the regenerating medium leads to an enhancement of the desorption, especially in the presence of ultrasound. The mechanisms of ultrasonically enhanced desorption is due both to the thermal and non-thermal (hydrodynamical) effects of ultrasound. Hydrodynamical phenomena are principally produced by the acoustic vortex microstreaming within porous solids as well as at the solid-liquid interface and by the high-speed micro-jets and high-pressure shock waves produced by acoustic cavitation. The thermal effects are evaluated as localized hot spots formed when bubbles cavitated as well as by global heating of the medium and piezoelectric transducer heating-up. Additionally, the non-thermal effect of ultrasound is greater than the thermal effect, and it is more noticeable when the ultrasonic irradiation is carried out in a high temperature regenerating medium. (c) 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers.