Domain V of m-calpain shows the potential to form an oblique-orientated α-helix, which may modulate the enzyme's activity via interactions with anionic lipid

The activity of m-calpain, a heterodimeric, Ca2+-dependent cysteine protease appears to be modulated by membrane interactions involving oblique-orientated alpha-helix formation by a segment, GTAMRILGGVI, in the protein's smaller subunit. Here, graphical and hydrophobic moment-based analyses predicted that this segment may form an alpha-helix with strong structural resemblance to the influenza virus peptide, HA2, a known oblique-orientated alpha-helix former. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that a peptide homologue of the GTAMRILGGVI segment, VP1, adopted low levels of alpha-helical structure (approximate to20%) in the presence of zwitterionic lipid and induced a minor decrease (3 degreesC) in the gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition temperature, T-C, of the hydrocarbon chains of zwitterionic membranes, suggesting interaction with the lipid headgroup region. In contrast, VP1 adopted high levels of alpha-helical structure (65%) in the presence of anionic lipid, induced a large increase (10 degreesC) in the T-C of anionic membranes, and showed high levels of anionic lipid monolayer penetration (DeltaSP = 5.5 mN.m(-1)), suggesting deep levels of membrane penetration. VP1 showed strong haemolytic ability (LD50 = 1.45 mM), but in the presence of ionic agents, this ability, and that of VP1 to penetrate anionic lipid monolayers, was greatly reduced. In combination, our results suggest that m-calpain domain V may penetrate membranes via the adoption of an oblique-orientated alpha-helix and electrostatic interactions. We speculate that these interactions may involve snorkelling by an arginine residue located in the polar face of this alpha-helix.