Details of crystalline growth in co-deposited electroplated nickel films with hard (nano)particles

Electroplated nickel dispersion films with incorporated hard particles, primarily titanium oxide, were studied. A sufficient dispersion of nanometre-scaled particles in Watts solution was reached by application of ultrasonic energy to the galvanic bath. Crystal morphology, mean grain size and formation of textures were examined by electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The typical columnar structure of pure Ni films was refined by means of ultrasound. Incorporation of micron-sized TiO2 particles generates additional nucleation surfaces in contrast to SiC particles. Textures of the subsequent columnar nickel crystals change from < 2 1 1 > (silent condition) or < 1 1 0 > (ultrasonic condition) fibre textures in growth direction to < 1 0 0 > and < 1 1 1 > textures under the influence of nanoparticle incorporation. Moreover, nanoparticles remarkably decrease the grain size and grain aspect ratio. Their incorporation takes place inside the crystals as well as between grains. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.