When to Start Antiretroviral Therapy in Resource-Limited Settings

Background: The results of international clinical trials that are assessing when to initiate antiretroviral therapy (ART) will not be available for several years. Objective: To inform HIV treatment decisions about the optimal CD4 threshold at which to initiate ART in South Africa while awaiting the results of these trials. Design: Cost-effectiveness analysis by using a computer simulation model of HIV disease. Data Sources: Published data from randomized trials and observational cohorts in South Africa. Target Population: HIV-infected patients in South Africa. Time Horizon: 5-year and lifetime. Perspective: Modified societal. Intervention: No treatment, ART initiated at a CD4 count less than 0.250 x 10(9) cells/L, and ART initiated at a CD4 count less than 0.350 x 10(9) cells/L. Outcome Measures: Morbidity, mortality, life expectancy, medical costs, and cost-effectiveness. Results of Base-Case Analysis: If 10% to 100% of HIV-infected patients are identified and linked to care, a CD4 count threshold for ART initiation of 0.350 x 10(9) cells/L would reduce severe opportunistic diseases by 22000 to 221000 and deaths by 25000 to 253000 during the next 5 years compared with ART initiation at 0.250 x 10(9) cells/L; cost increases would range from $142 million (10%) to $1.4 billion (100%). Either ART initiation strategy would increase long-term survival by at least 7.9 years, with a mean per-person life expectancy of 3.8 years with no ART and 12.5 years with an initiation threshold of 0.350 x 10(9) cells/L. Compared with an initiation threshold of 0.250 x 10(9) cells/ L, a threshold of 0.350 x 10(9) cells/L has an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $1200 per year of life saved. Results of Sensitivity Analysis: Initiating ART at a CD4 count less than 0.350 x 10(9) cells/ L would remain cost-effective over the next 5 years even if the probability that the trial would demonstrate the superiority of earlier therapy is as low as 17%. Limitation: This model does not consider the possible benefits of initiating ART at a CD4 count greater than 0.350 x 10(9) cells/ L or of reduced HIV transmission. Conclusion: Earlier initiation of ART in South Africa will probably reduce morbidity and mortality, improve long-term survival, and be cost-effective. While awaiting trial results, treatment guidelines should be liberalized to allow initiation at CD4 counts less than 0.350 x 10(9) cells/ L, earlier than is currently recommended. Primary Funding Source: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation.