American ginseng preferentially suppresses STAT/iNOS signaling in activated macrophages

Aim of the study: Ginseng has been used as general tonic for thousands of years in Asia and becomes a popular herbal medicine all over the world. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying its benefit effects are less explored. Thus, we investigated the effect of a crude extract from Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng) on suppression of pro-inflammatory responses in macrophages with a focus on signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling. Materials and methods: The crude extract of American ginseng that was supplied by the National Research Council of Canada, Institute for National Measurement Standards (NRCC-INMS) was freshly solvated in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) prior to each experiment. RAW264.7 cells, a murine macrophage cell line, were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce inflammatory responses such as expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2). Proteins were measured by Western blot and mRNA expression was determined by quantitative real-time PCR (Q-PCR). Activator protein 1 (AP-1)-, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B)- and STAT-mediated transcriptional activities were investigated using luciferase reporter constructs. Results: American ginseng inhibited LPS-induced iNOS expression: however, it did not affect LPS-induced COX2 expression. While American ginseng had no impact on LPS-induced activation of AP-1 or NF-kappa B pathways, it dramatically inhibited LPS-induced activation of STAT signaling. Moreover, American ginseng and AG490, an inhibitor of STAT cascade, synergistically suppressed the LPS-induced iNOS expression. Conclusion: American ginseng selectively inhibits the expression of iNOS via suppression of STAT cascade but not NF-kappa B and AP-1 pathways in inflamed macrophages. Such a preferential suppression of STAT/iNOS cascade by American ginseng might have therapeutic potential for inflammatory diseases with over-activation of iNOS. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.