An upper limit on the stochastic gravitational-wave background of cosmological origin

被引：276

作者：

Abbott, B. P. ^{[2
]}

Abbott, R. ^{[2
]}

Acernese, F. ^{[6
]}

Adhikari, R. ^{[2
]}

Ajith, P. ^{[6
]}

Allen, B. ^{[6
,7
]}

Allen, G. ^{[8
]}

Alshourbagy, M. ^{[23
,24
]}

Amin, R. S. ^{[9
]}

Anderson, S. B. ^{[2
]}

Anderson, W. G. ^{[7
]}

Antonucci, F. ^{[26
]}

Aoudia, S. ^{[11
]}

Arain, M. A. ^{[10
]}

Araya, M. ^{[2
]}

Armandula, H. ^{[2
]}

Armor, P. ^{[7
]}

Arun, K. G. ^{[12
]}

Aso, Y. ^{[2
]}

Aston, S. ^{[13
]}

Astone, P. ^{[26
]}

Aufmuth, P. ^{[14
]}

Aulbert, C. ^{[6
]}

Babak, S. ^{[15
]}

Baker, P. ^{[16
]}

Ballardin, G. ^{[17
]}

Ballmer, S. ^{[2
]}

Barker, C. ^{[18
]}

Barker, D. ^{[18
]}

Barone, F. ^{[4
,5
]}

Barr, B. ^{[19
]}

Barriga, P. ^{[20
]}

Barsotti, L. ^{[21
]}

Barsuglia, M. ^{[22
,28
]}

Barton, M. A. ^{[2
]}

Bartos, I. ^{[29
]}

Bassiri, R. ^{[19
]}

Bastarrika, M. ^{[19
]}

Bauer, Th. S. ^{[30
]}

Behnke, B. ^{[15
]}

Beker, M. ^{[30
,31
]}

Benacquista, M. ^{[32
]}

Betzwieser, J. ^{[2
]}

Beyersdorf, P. T. ^{[33
]}

Bigotta, S. ^{[23
,24
]}

Bilenko, I. A. ^{[34
]}

Billingsley, G. ^{[2
]}

Birindelli, S. ^{[11
]}

Biswas, R. ^{[7
]}

Bizouard, M. A. ^{[12
]}

机构：

[1] Univ Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA

[2] CALTECH, LIGO, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA

[3] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Napoli, I-80126 Naples, Italy

[4] Univ Napoli Federico II Complesso Univ Monte S An, I-80126 Naples, Italy

[5] Univ Salerno, I-84084 Salerno, Italy

[6] Max Planck Inst Gravitat Phys, Albert Einstein Inst, D-30167 Hannover, Germany

[7] Univ Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201 USA

[8] Stanford Univ, Stanford, CA 94305 USA

[9] Louisiana State Univ, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA

[10] Univ Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA

[11] Observ Cote Azur, CNRS, Dept Artemis, F-06304 Nice, France

[12] Univ Paris 11, CNRS, IN2P3, LAL, F-91899 Orsay, France

[13] Univ Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, W Midlands, England

[14] Leibniz Univ Hannover, D-30167 Hannover, Germany

[15] Max Planck Inst Gravitat Phys, Albert Einstein Inst, D-14476 Golm, Germany

[16] Montana State Univ, Bozeman, MT 59717 USA

[17] European Gravitat Observ, I-56021 Cascina, Pi, Italy

[18] LIGO Hanford Observ, Richland, WA 99352 USA

[19] Univ Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Lanark, Scotland

[20] Univ Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia

[21] MIT, LIGO, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA

[22] Univ Paris 07, CNRS, IN2P3, Observ Paris,APC,UMR 7164, F-75205 Paris, France

[23] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy

[24] Univ Pisa, I-56127 Pisa, Italy

[25] Univ Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy

[26] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Roma, I-00185 Rome, Italy

[27] Univ Roma La Sapienza, I-00185 Rome, Italy

[28] DSM IRSU, F-91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France

[29] Columbia Univ, New York, NY 10027 USA

[30] NIKHEF H, Natl Inst Subatom Phys, NL-1009 DB Amsterdam, Netherlands

[31] Netherlands VU Univ Amsterdam, NL-1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands

[32] Univ Texas Brownsville & Texas Southmost Coll, Brownsville, TX 78520 USA

[33] San Jose State Univ, San Jose, CA 95192 USA

[34] Moscow MV Lomonosov State Univ, Moscow 119992, Russia

[35] CNRS, ESPCI, F-75005 Paris, France

[36] Livingston Observ, LIGO, Livingston, LA 70754 USA

[37] Washington State Univ, Pullman, WA 99164 USA

[38] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Perugia, I-6123 Perugia, Italy

[39] Univ Perugia, I-6123 Perugia, Italy

[40] Univ Camerino, I-62032 Camerino, Italy

[41] Univ Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403 USA

[42] Cardiff Univ, Cardiff CF24 3AA, S Glam, Wales

[43] Syracuse Univ, Syracuse, NY 13244 USA

[44] HSIC, Rutherford Appleton Lab, Didcot OX11 0QX, Oxon, England

[45] Univ Maryland, College Pk, MD 20742 USA

[46] Univ Savoie, CNRS, IN2P3, LAPP, F-74941 Annecy Le Vieux, France

[47] Univ Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003 USA

[48] Ist Nazl Fis Nucl, Sez Firenze, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy

[49] Univ Urbino Carlo Bo, I-61029 Urbino, Italy

[50] NASA, Goddard Space Flight Ctr, Greenbelt, MD 20771 USA

来源：

NATURE | 2009年 / 460卷 / 7258期

基金：

澳大利亚研究理事会; 美国国家科学基金会; 美国国家航空航天局; 英国科学技术设施理事会;

关键词：

SPECTRUM;

D O I：

10.1038/nature08278

中图分类号：

O [数理科学和化学]; P [天文学、地球科学]; Q [生物科学]; N [自然科学总论];

学科分类号：

07 ; 0710 ; 09 ;

摘要：

A stochastic background of gravitational waves is expected to arise from a superposition of a large number of unresolved gravitational-wave sources of astrophysical and cosmological origin. It should carry unique signatures from the earliest epochs in the evolution of the Universe, inaccessible to standard astrophysical observations(1). Direct measurements of the amplitude of this background are therefore of fundamental importance for understanding the evolution of the Universe when it was younger than one minute. Here we report limits on the amplitude of the stochastic gravitational-wave background using the data from a two-year science run of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory(2) (LIGO). Our result constrains the energy density of the stochastic gravitational-wave background normalized by the critical energy density of the Universe, in the frequency band around 100 Hz, to be <6.9 X 10(-6) at 95% confidence. The data rule out models of early Universe evolution with relatively large equation-of-state parameter(3), as well as cosmic (super) string models with relatively small string tension(4) that are favoured in some string theory models(5). This search for the stochastic background improves on the indirect limits from Big Bang nucleosynthesis(1,6) and cosmic microwave background(7) at 100Hz.

引用

页码：990 / 994

页数：5

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