Genetic subtype-independent inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by CC and CXC chemokines

We have studied the breadth and potency of the inhibitory actions of the CC chemokines macrophage inhibitory protein 1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha), MIP-1 beta, and RANTES against macrophage-tropic (M-tropic) primary isolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and of the CXC chemokine stromal cell-derived factor lot against T-cell-tropic (T-tropic) isolates, using mitogen-stimulated primary CD4(+) T cells as targets. There was considerable interisolate variation in the sensitivity of HIV-1 to chemokine inhibition, which was especially pronounced for the CC chemokines and M-tropic strains. However, this variation,vas not obviously dependent on the genetic subtype (A through F) of the virus isolates. Peripheral blood mononuclear cell donor-dependent variation in chemokine inhibition potency was also observed. Among the CC chemokines, the rank order for potency (from most to least potent) was RANTES, MIP-1 beta, MIP-1 alpha. Some M-tropic Isolates, unexpectedly, were much more sensitive to RANTES than to MIP-1 beta, whereas other isolates showed sensitivities comparable to those of these two chemokines. Down-regulation of the CCR5 and CXCR4 receptors occurred in cells treated with the cognate chemokines and probably contributes to anti-HIV-1 activity. Thus, for CCR5, the rank order for down-regulation was also RANTES, MIP-1 beta, MIP-1 alpha.