Association of MHC Class I chain-related A (MIC-A) gene polymorphism with Type I diabetes

Aims/hypothesis. A distinct family of MHC genes has been identified in the class III region and denominated MHC Class I chain-related genes (MIC). The MIG-A gene is located between the TNFA and the HLA-B genes. The aim of our study was to test the association of the polymorphism of the MIG-A gene with Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus and evaluate the interaction between MIG-A and TNFA, HLA-B, HLA-DR and HLA-DQ gene polymorphism. Methods. Type I diabetic (n = 95) and healthy (n = 98) Italian subjects were typed for exon 5 of MIC-A and for HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQB1 and TNFA alleles. All subjects were also typed for the presence of HLA-B8 or HLA-B15. Results. The frequency of MIG-AS was increased in diabetic subjects (53% vs 15%) (OR = 6.1) (corrected p,p(c) < 0.0005). Among HLA class II haplotypes, both HLA-DRB1*03-DQA1"0501-DQB1*0201 (DR3-DQ2) and DRB1*04-DQA1*0301-DQB1*0302 (DR4-DQ8) ("at-risk class II haplotypes") were positively associated with diabetes (OR = 6.7 and 6.0, respectively) (p(c) < 0.003). Also HLA-B8 was more frequent among Type I diabetic subjects than among healthy control subjects (OR = 2.8, p = 0.01). None of the TNFA alleles were statistically significantly associated with Type I diabetes. The MIG-AS exon was negatively associated with age at clinical onset of diabetes (p = 0.012). Thus, 68% diabetic subjects younger than 25 years and 29% older than 25 years were carrying this allele. Both MIG-AS and the at-risk class II haplotypes were independently associated with Type I diabetes and the combined association of the two markers had the highest relative risk (OR = 172). In subjects younger than 25 years, the OR of MIG-AS was as high as 21.7 and was more than twofold that of at-risk class II haplotypes (OR = 9.5). The MIG-AS exon was not in linkage disequilibrium with any of the HLA-class I, class II or TNFA alleles studied. Conclusions/interpretation. The MIG-A gene polymorphism is associated with genetic risk for Type I diabetes and the combination of MIG-AS and at-risk class II haplotypes is now to be seen as the strongest genetic marker for this disease.