Thermodynamics of oligoarginines binding to RNA and DNA

We have examined the equilibrium binding of a series of synthetic oligoarginines (net charge z = +2 to +6) containing tryptophan to poly(U), poly(A), poly(C), poly(I), and double-stranded (ds) DNA. Equilibrium association constants, K-obs, measured by monitoring tryptophan fluorescence quenching, were examined as functions of monovalent salt (MX) concentration and type, as well as temperature, from which Delta G(obs)degrees, Delta H-obs, and Delta S(obs)degrees,, were determined. For each peptide, K-obs decreases with increasing [K+], and the magnitude of the dependence of K-obs on [K+], partial derivative log K-obs/partial derivative log[K+], increases with increasing net peptide charge. In fact, the values of partial derivative log K-obs/partial derivative log[K+] are equivalent for oligolysines and oligoarginines possessing the same net positive charge. However, the values of K-obs are systematically greater for oligoarginines binding to all polynucleotides, when compared to oligolysines with the same net charge. The origin of this difference is entirely enthalpic, with Delta H-obs, determined from van't Hoff analysis, being more exothermic for oligoarginine binding. The values of Delta H-obs are also independent of [K+]; therefore, the salt concentration dependence of Delta G(obs)degrees is entirely entropic in origin, reflecting the release of cations from the nucleic acid upon complex formation. These results suggest that hydrogen bonding of arginine to the phosphate backbone of the nucleic acids contributes to the increased stability of these complexes.