Identification and measurement of illicit drugs and their metabolites in urban wastewater by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

被引:335
作者
Castiglioni, Sara
Zuccato, Ettore
Crisci, Elisabetta
Chiabrando, Chiara
Fanelli, Roberto
Bagnati, Renzo
机构
[1] Mario Negri Inst Pharmacol Res, Dept Environm Hlth Sci, I-20157 Milan, Italy
[2] Univ Insubria, Dept Biotechnol & Mol Sci, I-21100 Varese, Italy
关键词
D O I
10.1021/ac061095b
中图分类号
O65 [分析化学];
学科分类号
070302 ; 081704 ;
摘要
Residues of illicit drugs and their metabolites that are excreted by humans may flow into and through wastewater treatment plants. The aim of this study was to develop a method for the determination of cocaine, amphetamines, morphine, cannabinoids, methadone, and some of their metabolites in wastewater. Composite 24-h samples from urban treatment plants were enriched with deuterated internal standards before solid-phase extraction. High-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry with multiple reaction monitoring was used for quantitation. Recoveries were generally higher than 80%, and limits of quantifications were in the low nanograms-per-liter range for untreated and treated wastewater. The overall variability of the method was lower than 10% for untreated and 5% for treated wastewater. The method was applied to wastewater samples coming from two treatment plants in Italy and Switzerland. Quantification ranges were found to be 0.2-1 mu g/L for cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, 80- 200 ng/L for morphine, 10 ng/L for 6-acetylmorphine, 60-90 ng/L for 11-nor-9-carboxy-Delta 9- tetrahydrocannabinol, 10-90 ng/L for methadone and its main metabolite 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine, and lower than 20 ng/L for amphetamines. As previously reported for cocaine, this method could be useful to estimate and monitor drug consumption in the population in real time, helping social scientists and authorities to combat drug abuse.
引用
收藏
页码:8421 / 8429
页数:9
相关论文
共 36 条
[1]   Analysis of underivatized amphetamines and related phenethylamines with high-performance liquid chromatography -: Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry [J].
Bogusz, MJ ;
Krüger, KD ;
Maier, RD .
JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY, 2000, 24 (02) :77-84
[2]   Quantitation of cocaine, benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene, methylecgonine, and norcocaine in human hair by positive ion chemical ionization (PICI) gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry [J].
Bourland, JA ;
Hayes, EF ;
Kelly, RC ;
Sweeney, SA ;
Hatab, MM .
JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY, 2000, 24 (07) :489-495
[3]   Forensic science [J].
Brettell, TA ;
Butler, JM ;
Saferstein, R .
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, 2005, 77 (12) :3839-3860
[4]   Strategic survey of therapeutic drugs in the rivers Po and Lambro in northern Italy [J].
Calamari, D ;
Zuccato, E ;
Castiglioni, S ;
Bagnati, R ;
Fanelli, R .
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, 2003, 37 (07) :1241-1248
[5]   Removal of pharmaceuticals in sewage treatment plants in Italy [J].
Castiglioni, S ;
Bagnati, R ;
Fanelli, R ;
Pomati, F ;
Calamari, D ;
Zuccato, E .
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, 2006, 40 (01) :357-363
[6]   A multiresidue analytical method using solid-phase extraction and high-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to measure pharmaceuticals of different therapeutic classes in urban wastewaters [J].
Castiglioni, S ;
Bagnati, R ;
Calamari, D ;
Fanelli, R ;
Zuccato, E .
JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY A, 2005, 1092 (02) :206-215
[7]   Legal, workplace, and treatment drug testing with alternate biological matrices on a global scale [J].
Cone, EJ .
FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL, 2001, 121 (1-2) :7-15
[8]   Fate of natural estrogen conjugates in municipal sewage transport and treatment facilities [J].
D'Ascenzo, G ;
Di Corcia, A ;
Gentili, A ;
Mancini, R ;
Mastropasqua, R ;
Nazzari, M ;
Samperi, R .
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT, 2003, 302 (1-3) :199-209
[9]   Urine drug testing for opioids, cocaine, and metabolites by direct injection liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry [J].
Dams, R ;
Murphy, CM ;
Lambert, WE ;
Huestis, MA .
RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY, 2003, 17 (14) :1665-1670
[10]   LC-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-MS/MS analysis of multiple illicit drugs, methadone, and their metabolites in oral fluid following protein precipitation [J].
Dams, R ;
Murphy, CM ;
Choo, RE ;
Lambert, WE ;
De Leenheer, AP ;
Huestis, MA .
ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, 2003, 75 (04) :798-804