Atmospheric mercury deposition to Lake Michigan during the Lake Michigan Mass Balance Study

Wet and dry mercury (Hg) deposition were calculated to Lake Michigan using a hybrid receptor modeling framework. The model utilized mercury monitoring data collected during the Lake Michigan Mass Balance Study and the Atmospheric Exchange Over Lakes and Oceans Study together with high-resolution over-water meteorological data provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (July, 1994-October, 1995). Atmospheric deposition was determined to be the primary pathway for mercury input to Lake Michigan, contributing approximately 84% of the estimated 1403 kg total annual input (atmospheric deposition + tributary input). Wet (10.6 mug m(-2)) and dry deposition (9.7 mug m(-2)) contributed almost equally to the annual atmospheric Hg deposition of 20.3 mug m(-2) (1173 kg). Re-emission of dissolved gaseous Hg from the lake was also significant (7.8 mug m(-2)), reducing the net atmospheric deposition to 12.5 mug m(-2) (720 kg). A strong urban influence was observed in the over-water mercury deposition estimates in the southern portion of the lake. The Chicago/Gary urban area was estimated to contribute approximately 20% (127 kg) of the annual atmospheric mercury deposition to Lake Michigan. The magnitude of local anthropogenic mercury sources in the Chicago/Gary urban area suggests that emission reductions could significantly reduce atmospheric mercury deposition into Lake Michigan.