Hydrogen-treated, sub-micrometer carbon beads for fast capacitive deionization with high performance stability

Novolac is a low-cost carbon precursor which can be used to derive nanoporous carbon beads in sub micrometer size. In this study, we introduce this material as a novel electrode material for capacitive deionization (CDI) with high performance stability and superior desalination rate. The polymer beads were synthesized employing a self-emulsifying system in an autoclave, pyrolyzed under argon, and activated with CO2, yielding a specific surface area of 1905 m(2) g(-1) with a high total pore volume of 1.26 cm(3) g(-1). After CO2 activation, the material shows a salt sorption capacity of similar to 8 mg g(-1), but the performance is highly influenced by functional groups, causing an inversion peak and fast performance decay. However, de-functionalization via hydrogen treatment is outlined as an effective strategy to improve the CDI performance. After hydrogen treatment of novolac-derived carbon beads, we obtained a salt sorption capacity of 11.5 mg g(-1) with a charge efficiency of more than 80% and a performance stability of around 90% over more than 100 cycles. Particularly attractive for practical application is the very high average salt adsorption rate of 0.104 mg g(-1) s(-1), outperforming commercial activated carbons, Which are commonly used for CDI, by at least a factor of two. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.