Activation of multiple mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathways by the endothelin B receptor requires the cytoplasmic tail

Endothelin is a 21-amino acid peptide with remarkably diverse biological properties, including potent vasoconstriction, induction of mitogenesis, and a role in the development of blood vessels, In the present study, stimulation of the endothelin B receptor was found to activate three distinct mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathways, the extracellular regulated kinase (ERR) 2, c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK), and p38 kinase, These mitogen-activated protein kinase isozymes are thought to mediate very different biological outcomes, suggesting that the observed pattern of kinases activation may be important for the diverse biological properties of endothelin. The cytoplasmic tail of the endothelin B receptor was found to be required for activation of all three mitogen-activated protein kinases and stimulation of intracellular calcium levels. An endothelin B receptor truncated at the C-terminal tail was not able to stimulate the mitogen-activated protein kinases or increase cytosolic free calcium. Furthermore, ectopic expression of the cytoplasmic Bail attenuated signaling through the mild type receptor, The observed ERK activation appeared to be mediated by heterotrimeric G proteins, since ectopic expression of a transducin alpha-subunit inhibited endothelin-stimulated ERK activation. The data suggest that the cytosolic tail of the endothelin B receptor is involved in calcium mobilization and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation via a G protein-dependent mechanism.