The blink reflex in "chronic migraine"

Objectives: Activation of the trigeminovascular system and sensitisation of brainstem trigeminal nuclei are thought to play an important role in migraine. The aim of this study was to investigate the blink reflex and its habituation in patients with "chronic migraine". Methods: We studied 35 patients suffering from "chronic migraine" (IHS classification criteria) outside and during a spontaneous attack, and 35 control subjects. An EMG device with a specific habituation test program was used to elicit and record blink reflex responses and to randomly repeat stimulations at different time intervals so as to induce habituation. Results: The R-1 and R-2 latencies, amplitudes and areas of the basal blink reflex were similar in patients studied both outside and during an attack as well as in control subjects, whereas the blink reflex habituation responses were markedly reduced in patients studied outside an attack. The percent changes in the R-2 areas from the baseline values, obtained when stimuli were delivered at time intervals of 10, 5, 4, 3, 2 and 1 s, were statistically different (p < 0.01-p < 0.001) from those of the same patients studied during a migraine attack and of those of control subjects. There was a significant correlation between decreased habituation of the blink reflex and a higher frequency of attacks. The stimulus intensities of the blink reflex (multiples of the detection threshold intensities) were significantly lower (p < 0.001) on the side affected or more severely affected, by headache in patients studied during a migraine attack. Conclusions: The decreased habituation of the blink reflex outside an attack reflects abnormal excitability in "chronic migraine", which normalizes during the attacks. The inverse correlation between the frequency of attacks and habituation responses confirms the abnormal excitability induced by the high frequency of attacks. Central sensitisation mechanisms (allodynia) may explain the lower detection thresholds observed on the side affected by headache in patients during the attacks. Significance: The blink reflex and its habituation may help shed light on the subtle neurophysiological changes that occur in migraine patients between and during attacks. (c) 2006 International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.