Single-molecule microscopy on model membranes reveals anomalous diffusion

The lateral mobility of lipids in phospholipid membranes has attracted numerous experimental and theoretical studies, inspired by the model of Singer and Nicholson (1972. Science. 175:720-731) and the theoretical description by Saffman and Delbruck (1975. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 72:3111-3113). Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) is used as the standard experimental technique for the study of lateral mobility, yielding an ensemble-averaged diffusion constant. Single-particle tracking (SPT) and the recently developed single-molecule imaging techniques now give access to data on individual displacements of molecules, which can be used for characterization of the mobility in a membrane. Here we present a new type of analysis for tracking data by making use of the probability distribution of square displacements. The potential of this new type of analysis is shown for single-molecule imaging, which was employed to follow the motion of individual fluorescence-labeled lipids in two systems: a fluid-supported phospholipid membrane and a solid polymer-stabilized phospholipid monolayer. In the fluid membrane, a high-mobility component characterized by a diffusion constant of 4.4 mu m(2)/s and a low-mobility component characterized by a diffusion constant of 0.07 mu m(2)/s were identified. it is proposed that the latter characterizes the so-called immobile fraction often found in FRAP experiments. In the polymer-stabilized system, diffusion restricted to corrals of 140 nm was directly visualized. Both examples show the potentials of such detailed analysis in combination with single-molecule techniques: with minimal interference with the native structure, inhomogeneities of membrane mobility can be resolved with a spatial resolution of 100 nm, well below the diffraction limit.